Spring Cloud provides tools for developers to quickly build some of the common patterns in distributed systems (e.g. configuration management, service discovery, circuit breakers, intelligent routing, micro-proxy, control bus, one-time tokens, global locks, leadership election, distributed sessions, cluster state). Coordination of distributed systems leads to boiler plate patterns, and using Spring Cloud developers can quickly stand up services and applications that implement those patterns. They will work well in any distributed environment, including the developer’s own laptop, bare metal data centres, and managed platforms such as Cloud Foundry.
Features
Spring Cloud focuses on providing good out of box experience for typical use cases and extensibility mechanism to cover others.
-
Distributed/versioned configuration
-
Service registration and discovery
-
Routing
-
Service-to-service calls
-
Load balancing
-
Circuit Breakers
-
Global locks
-
Leadership election and cluster state
-
Distributed messaging
Cloud Native Applications
Cloud Native is a style of application development that encourages easy adoption of best practices in the areas of continuous delivery and value-driven development. A related discipline is that of building 12-factor Apps in which development practices are aligned with delivery and operations goals, for instance by using declarative programming and management and monitoring. Spring Cloud facilitates these styles of development in a number of specific ways and the starting point is a set of features that all components in a distributed system either need or need easy access to when required.
Many of those features are covered by Spring Boot, which we build on in Spring Cloud. Some more are delivered by Spring Cloud as two libraries: Spring Cloud Context and Spring Cloud Commons. Spring Cloud Context provides utilities and special services for the ApplicationContext
of a Spring Cloud application (bootstrap context, encryption, refresh scope and environment endpoints). Spring Cloud Commons is a set of abstractions and common classes used in different Spring Cloud implementations (eg. Spring Cloud Netflix vs. Spring Cloud Consul).
If you are getting an exception due to "Illegal key size" and you are using Sun’s JDK, you need to install the Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files. See the following links for more information:
Extract files into JDK/jre/lib/security folder (whichever version of JRE/JDK x64/x86 you are using).
Spring Cloud Context: Application Context Services
Spring Boot has an opinionated view of how to build an application with Spring: for instance it has conventional locations for common configuration file, and endpoints for common management and monitoring tasks. Spring Cloud builds on top of that and adds a few features that probably all components in a system would use or occasionally need.
The Bootstrap Application Context
A Spring Cloud application operates by creating a "bootstrap"
context, which is a parent context for the main application. Out of
the box it is responsible for loading configuration properties from
the external sources, and also decrypting properties in the local
external configuration files. The two contexts share an Environment
which is the source of external properties for any Spring
application. Bootstrap properties are added with high precedence, so
they cannot be overridden by local configuration.
The bootstrap context uses a different convention for locating
external configuration than the main application context, so instead
of application.yml
(or .properties
) you use bootstrap.yml
,
keeping the external configuration for bootstrap and main context
nicely separate. Example:
spring: application: name: foo cloud: config: uri: ${SPRING_CONFIG_URI:http://localhost:8888}
It is a good idea to set the spring.application.name
(in
bootstrap.yml
or application.yml
) if your application needs any
application-specific configuration from the server.
You can disable the bootstrap process completely by setting
spring.cloud.bootstrap.enabled=false
(e.g. in System properties).
Application Context Hierarchies
If you build an application context from SpringApplication
or
SpringApplicationBuilder
, then the Bootstrap context is added as a
parent to that context. It is a feature of Spring that child contexts
inherit property sources and profiles from their parent, so the "main"
application context will contain additional property sources, compared
to building the same context without Spring Cloud Config. The
additional property sources are:
-
"bootstrap": an optional
CompositePropertySource
appears with high priority if anyPropertySourceLocators
are found in the Bootstrap context, and they have non-empty properties. An example would be properties from the Spring Cloud Config Server. See below for instructions on how to customize the contents of this property source. -
"applicationConfig: [classpath:bootstrap.yml]" (and friends if Spring profiles are active). If you have a
bootstrap.yml
(or properties) then those properties are used to configure the Bootstrap context, and then they get added to the child context when its parent is set. They have lower precedence than theapplication.yml
(or properties) and any other property sources that are added to the child as a normal part of the process of creating a Spring Boot application. See below for instructions on how to customize the contents of these property sources.
Because of the ordering rules of property sources the "bootstrap"
entries take precedence, but note that these do not contain any data
from bootstrap.yml
, which has very low precedence, but can be used
to set defaults.
You can extend the context hierarchy by simply setting the parent
context of any ApplicationContext
you create, e.g. using its own
interface, or with the SpringApplicationBuilder
convenience methods
(parent()
, child()
and sibling()
). The bootstrap context will be
the parent of the most senior ancestor that you create yourself.
Every context in the hierarchy will have its own "bootstrap" property
source (possibly empty) to avoid promoting values inadvertently from
parents down to their descendants. Every context in the hierarchy can
also (in principle) have a different spring.application.name
and
hence a different remote property source if there is a Config
Server. Normal Spring application context behaviour rules apply to
property resolution: properties from a child context override those in
the parent, by name and also by property source name (if the child has
a property source with the same name as the parent, the one from the
parent is not included in the child).
Note that the SpringApplicationBuilder
allows you to share an
Environment
amongst the whole hierarchy, but that is not the
default. Thus, sibling contexts in particular do not need to have the
same profiles or property sources, even though they will share common
things with their parent.
Changing the Location of Bootstrap Properties
The bootstrap.yml
(or .properties) location can be specified using
`spring.cloud.bootstrap.name
(default "bootstrap") or
spring.cloud.bootstrap.location
(default empty), e.g. in System
properties. Those properties behave like the spring.config.*
variants with the same name, in fact they are used to set up the
bootstrap ApplicationContext
by setting those properties in its
Environment
. If there is an active profile (from
spring.profiles.active
or through the Environment
API in the
context you are building) then properties in that profile will be
loaded as well, just like in a regular Spring Boot app, e.g. from
bootstrap-development.properties
for a "development" profile.
Customizing the Bootstrap Configuration
The bootstrap context can be trained to do anything you like by adding
entries to /META-INF/spring.factories
under the key
org.springframework.cloud.bootstrap.BootstrapConfiguration
. This is
a comma-separated list of Spring @Configuration
classes which will
be used to create the context. Any beans that you want to be available
to the main application context for autowiring can be created here,
and also there is a special contract for @Beans
of type
ApplicationContextInitializer
. Classes can be marked with an @Order
if you want to control the startup sequence (the default order is
"last").
Warning
|
Be careful when adding custom BootstrapConfiguration that the
classes you add are not @ComponentScanned by mistake into your
"main" application context, where they might not be needed.
Use a separate package name for boot configuration classes that is
not already covered by your @ComponentScan or @SpringBootApplication
annotated configuration classes.
|
The bootstrap process ends by injecting initializers into the main
SpringApplication
instance (i.e. the normal Spring Boot startup
sequence, whether it is running as a standalone app or deployed in an
application server). First a bootstrap context is created from the
classes found in spring.factories
and then all @Beans
of type
ApplicationContextInitializer
are added to the main
SpringApplication
before it is started.
Customizing the Bootstrap Property Sources
The default property source for external configuration added by the
bootstrap process is the Config Server, but you can add additional
sources by adding beans of type PropertySourceLocator
to the
bootstrap context (via spring.factories
). You could use this to
insert additional properties from a different server, or from a
database, for instance.
As an example, consider the following trivial custom locator:
@Configuration
public class CustomPropertySourceLocator implements PropertySourceLocator {
@Override
public PropertySource<?> locate(Environment environment) {
return new MapPropertySource("customProperty",
Collections.<String, Object>singletonMap("property.from.sample.custom.source", "worked as intended"));
}
}
The Environment
that is passed in is the one for the
ApplicationContext
about to be created, i.e. the one that we are
supplying additional property sources for. It will already have its
normal Spring Boot-provided property sources, so you can use those to
locate a property source specific to this Environment
(e.g. by
keying it on the spring.application.name
, as is done in the default
Config Server property source locator).
If you create a jar with this class in it and then add a
META-INF/spring.factories
containing:
org.springframework.cloud.bootstrap.BootstrapConfiguration=sample.custom.CustomPropertySourceLocator
then the "customProperty" PropertySource
will show up in any
application that includes that jar on its classpath.
Environment Changes
The application will listen for an EnvironmentChangedEvent
and react
to the change in a couple of standard ways (additional
ApplicationListeners
can be added as @Beans
by the user in the
normal way). When an EnvironmentChangedEvent
is observed it will
have a list of key values that have changed, and the application will
use those to:
-
Re-bind any
@ConfigurationProperties
beans in the context -
Set the logger levels for any properties in
logging.level.*
Note that the Config Client does not by default poll for changes in
the Environment
, and generally we would not recommend that approach
for detecting changes (although you could set it up with a
@Scheduled
annotation). If you have a scaled-out client application
then it is better to broadcast the EnvironmentChangedEvent
to all
the instances instead of having them polling for changes (e.g. using
the Spring Cloud
Bus).
The EnvironmentChangedEvent
covers a large class of refresh use
cases, as long as you can actually make a change to the Environment
and publish the event (those APIs are public and part of core
Spring). You can verify the changes are bound to
@ConfigurationProperties
beans by visiting the /configprops
endpoint (normal Spring Boot Actuator feature). For instance a
DataSource
can have its maxPoolSize
changed at runtime (the
default DataSource
created by Spring Boot is an
@ConfigurationProperties
bean) and grow capacity
dynamically. Re-binding @ConfigurationProperties
does not cover
another large class of use cases, where you need more control over the
refresh, and where you need a change to be atomic over the whole
ApplicationContext
. To address those concerns we have
@RefreshScope
.
Refresh Scope
A Spring @Bean
that is marked as @RefreshScope
will get special
treatment when there is a configuration change. This addresses the
problem of stateful beans that only get their configuration injected
when they are initialized. For instance if a DataSource
has open
connections when the database URL is changed via the Environment
, we
probably want the holders of those connections to be able to complete
what they are doing. Then the next time someone borrows a connection
from the pool he gets one with the new URL.
Refresh scope beans are lazy proxies that initialize when they are used (i.e. when a method is called), and the scope acts as a cache of initialized values. To force a bean to re-initialize on the next method call you just need to invalidate its cache entry.
The RefreshScope
is a bean in the context and it has a public method
refreshAll()
to refresh all beans in the scope by clearing the
target cache. There is also a refresh(String)
method to refresh an
individual bean by name. This functionality is exposed in the
/refresh
endpoint (over HTTP or JMX).
Note
|
@RefreshScope works (technically) on an @Configuration
class, but it might lead to surprising behaviour: e.g. it does not
mean that all the @Beans defined in that class are themselves
@RefreshScope . Specifically, anything that depends on those beans
cannot rely on them being updated when a refresh is initiated, unless
it is itself in @RefreshScope (in which it will be rebuilt on a
refresh and its dependencies re-injected, at which point they will be
re-initialized from the refreshed @Configuration ).
|
Encryption and Decryption
The Config Client has an Environment
pre-processor for decrypting
property values locally. It follows the same rules as the Config
Server, and has the same external configuration via encrypt.*
. Thus
you can use encrypted values in the form {cipher}*
and as long as
there is a valid key then they will be decrypted before the main
application context gets the Environment
. To use the encryption
features in a client you need to include Spring Security RSA in your
classpath (Maven co-ordinates
"org.springframework.security:spring-security-rsa") and you also need
the full strength JCE extensions in your JVM.
include::jce.adoc
Endpoints
For a Spring Boot Actuator application there are some additional management endpoints:
-
POST to
/env
to update theEnvironment
and rebind@ConfigurationProperties
and log levels -
/refresh
for re-loading the boot strap context and refreshing the@RefreshScope
beans -
/restart
for closing theApplicationContext
and restarting it (disabled by default) -
/pause
and/resume
for calling theLifecycle
methods (stop()
andstart()
on theApplicationContext
)
Spring Cloud Commons: Common Abstractions
Patterns such as service discovery, load balancing and circuit breakers lend themselves to a common abstraction layer that can be consumed by all Spring Cloud clients, independent of the implementation (e.g. discovery via Eureka or Consul).
Spring RestTemplate as a Load Balancer Client
You can use Ribbon indirectly via an autoconfigured RestTemplate
when RestTemplate is on the classpath and a LoadBalancerClient
bean is defined):
public class MyClass {
@Autowired
private RestTemplate restTemplate;
public String doOtherStuff() {
String results = restTemplate.getForObject("http://stores/stores", String.class);
return results;
}
}
The URI needs to use a virtual host name (ie. service name, not a host name).
The Ribbon client is used to create a full physical address. See
{github-code}/spring-cloud-netflix-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/cloud/netflix/ribbon/RibbonAutoConfiguration.java[RibbonAutoConfiguration]
for details of how the RestTemplate
is set up.
Multiple RestTemplate objects
If you want a RestTemplate
that is not load balanced, create a RestTemplate
bean and inject it as normal. To access the load balanced RestTemplate use
the provided `@LoadBalanced
Qualifier
:
public class MyClass {
@Autowired
private RestTemplate restTemplate;
@Autowired
@LoadBalanced
private RestTemplate loadBalanced;
public String doOtherStuff() {
return loadBalanced.getForObject("http://stores/stores", String.class);
}
public String doStuff() {
return restTemplate.getForObject("https://example.com", String.class);
}
}
Spring Cloud Config
Spring Cloud Config provides server and client-side support for externalized configuration in a distributed system. With the Config Server you have a central place to manage external properties for applications across all environments. The concepts on both client and server map identically to the Spring Environment
and PropertySource
abstractions, so they fit very well with Spring applications, but can be used with any application running in any language. As an application moves through the deployment pipeline from dev to test and into production you can manage the configuration between those environments and be certain that applications have everything they need to run when they migrate. The default implementation of the server storage backend uses git so it easily supports labelled versions of configuration environments, as well as being accessible to a wide range of tooling for managing the content. It is easy to add alternative implementations and plug them in with Spring configuration.
Quick Start
Start the server:
$ cd spring-cloud-config-server $ mvn spring-boot:run
The server is a Spring Boot application so you can build the jar file
and run that (java -jar …
) or pull it down from a Maven
repository. Then try it out as a client:
$ curl localhost:8888/foo/development {"name":"development","label":"master","propertySources":[ {"name":"https://github.com/scratches/config-repo/foo-development.properties","source":{"bar":"spam"}}, {"name":"https://github.com/scratches/config-repo/foo.properties","source":{"foo":"bar"}} ]}
The default strategy for locating property sources is to clone a git
repository (at "spring.cloud.config.server.git.uri") and use it to
initialize a mini SpringApplication
. The mini-application’s
Environment
is used to enumerate property sources and publish them
via a JSON endpoint.
The HTTP service has resources in the form:
/{application}/{profile}[/{label}] /{application}-{profile}.yml /{label}/{application}-{profile}.yml /{application}-{profile}.properties /{label}/{application}-{profile}.properties
where the "application" is injected as the "spring.config.name" in the
SpringApplication
(i.e. what is normally "application" in a regular
Spring Boot app), "profile" is an active profile (or comma-separated
list of properties), and "label" is an optional git label (defaults to
"master".)
The YAML and properties forms are coalesced into a single map, even if the origin of the values (reflected in the "propertySources" of the "standard" form) has multiple sources.
Spring Cloud Config Server pulls configuration for remote clients from a git repository (which must be provided):
spring: cloud: config: server: git: uri: https://github.com/spring-cloud-samples/config-repo
Client Side Usage
To use these features in an application, just build it as a Spring
Boot application that depends on spring-cloud-config-client (e.g. see
the test cases for the config-client, or the sample app). The most
convenient way to add the dependency is via a Spring Boot starter
org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-config
. There is also a
parent pom and BOM (spring-cloud-starter-parent
) for Maven users and a
Spring IO version management properties file for Gradle and Spring CLI
users. Example Maven configuration:
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.2.3.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.0.1.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-config</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
<!-- repositories also needed for snapshots and milestones -->
Then you can create a standard Spring Boot application, like this simple HTTP server:
@Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration @RestController public class Application { @RequestMapping("/") public String home() { return "Hello World!"; } public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } }
When it runs it will pick up the external configuration from the
default local config server on port 8888 if it is running. To modify
the startup behaviour you can change the location of the config server
using bootstrap.properties
(like application.properties
but for
the bootstrap phase of an application context), e.g.
spring.cloud.config.uri: http://myconfigserver.com
The bootstrap properties will show up in the /env
endpoint as a
high-priority property source, e.g.
$ curl localhost:8080/env { "profiles":[], "configService:https://github.com/scratches/config-repo/bar.properties":{"foo":"bar"}, "servletContextInitParams":{}, "systemProperties":{...}, ... }
(a property source called "configService:<URL of remote repository>/<file name>" contains the property "foo" with value "bar" and is highest priority).
Spring Cloud Config Server
The Server provides an HTTP, resource-based API for external
configuration (name-value pairs, or equivalent YAML content). The
server is easily embeddable in a Spring Boot application using the
@EnableConfigServer
annotation.
Environment Repository
Where do you want to store the configuration data for the Config
Server? The strategy that governs this behaviour is the
EnvironmentRepository
, serving Environment
objects. This
Environment
is a shallow copy of the domain from the Spring
Environment
(including propertySources
as the main feature). The
Environment
resources are parametrized by three variables:
-
{application}
maps to "spring.application.name" on the client side; -
{profile}
maps to "spring.active.profiles" on the client (comma separated list); and -
{label}
which is a server side feature labelling a "versioned" set of config files.
Repository implementations generally behave just like a Spring Boot
application loading configuration files from a "spring.config.name"
equal to the {application}
parameter, and "spring.profiles.active"
equal to the {profiles}
parameter. Precedence rules for profiles are
also the same as in a regular Boot application: active profiles take
precedence over defaults, and if there are multiple profiles the last
one wins (like adding entries to a Map
).
Example: a client application has this bootstrap configuration:
spring: application: name: foo profiles: active: dev,mysql
(as usual with a Spring Boot application, these properties could also be set as environment variables or command line arguments).
If the repository is file-based, the server will create an
Environment
from application.yml
(shared between all clients), and
foo.yml
(with foo.yml
taking precedence). If the YAML files have
documents inside them that point to Spring profiles, those are applied
with higher precendence (in order of the profiles listed), and if
there are profile-specific YAML (or properties) files these are also
applied with higher precedence than the defaults. Higher precendence
translates to a PropertySource
listed earlier in the
Environment
. (These are the same rules as apply in a standalone
Spring Boot application.)
Git Backend
The default implementation of EnvironmentRepository
uses a Git
backend, which is very convenient for managing upgrades and physical
environments, and also for auditing changes. To change the location of
the repository you can set the "spring.cloud.config.server.git.uri"
configuration property in the Config Server (e.g. in
application.yml
). If you set it with a file:
prefix it should work
from a local repository so you can get started quickly and easily
without a server, but in that case the server operates directly on the
local repository without cloning it (it doesn’t matter if it’s not
bare because the Config Server never makes changes to the "remote"
repository). To scale the Config Server up and make it highly
available, you would need to have all instances of the server pointing
to the same repository, so only a shared file system would work. Even
in that case it is better to use the ssh:
protocol for a shared
filesystem repository, so that the server can clone it and use a local
working copy as a cache.
This repository implementation maps the {label}
parameter of the
HTTP resource to a git label (commit id, branch name or tag). If the
git branch or tag name contains a slash ("/") then the label in the
HTTP URL should be specified with the special string "(_)" instead (to
avoid ambiguity with other URL paths). Be careful with the brackets in
the URL if you are using a command line client like curl (e.g. escape
them from the shell with quotes '').
Spring Cloud Config Server supports a single or multiple git repositories:
spring: cloud: config: server: git: uri: https://github.com/spring-cloud-samples/config-repo repos: simple: https://github.com/pattern1/config-repo special: pattern: pattern*,*pattern1* uri: https://github.com/pattern2/config-repo local: pattern: local* uri: file:/home/configsvc/config-repo
In the above example, if {application} does not match to any of the patterns, it will use the default uri defined under "spring.cloud.config.server.git.uri". For the "simple" repository, the pattern is "simple" (i.e. it only matches one application). The pattern format is a comma-separated list of application names with wildcards.
Every repository can also optionally store config files in
sub-directories, and patterns to search for those directories can be
specified as searchPaths
. For example at the top level:
spring: cloud: config: server: git: uri: https://github.com/spring-cloud-samples/config-repo searchPaths: foo,bar*
In this example the server searches for config files in the top level and in the "foo/" sub-directory and also any sub-directory whose name begins with "bar".
By default the server clones remote repositories when configuration is first requested. The server can be configured to clone the repositories at startup. For example at the top level:
spring: cloud: config: server: git: uri: https://git/common/config-repo.git repos: team-a: pattern: team-a-* cloneOnStart: true uri: https://git/team-a/config-repo.git team-b: pattern: team-b-* cloneOnStart: false uri: https://git/team-b/config-repo.git team-c: pattern: team-c-* uri: https://git/team-a/config-repo.git
In this example the server clones team-a’s config-repo on startup before it accepts any requests. All other repositories will not be cloned until configuration from the repository is requested.
To use HTTP basic authentication on the remote repository add the "username" and "password" properties separately (not in the URL), e.g.
spring: cloud: config: server: git: uri: https://github.com/spring-cloud-samples/config-repo username: trolley password: strongpassword
If you don’t use HTTPS and user credentials, SSH should also work out
of the box when you store keys in the default directories (~/.ssh
)
and the uri points to an SSH location,
e.g. "[email protected]:configuration/cloud-configuration". The
repository is accessed using JGit, so any documentation you find on
that should be applicable.
File System Backend
There is also a "native" profile in the Config Server that doesn’t use Git, but just loads the config files from the local classpath or file system (any static URL you want to point to with "spring.cloud.config.server.native.searchLocations"). To use the native profile just launch the Config Server with "spring.profiles.active=native".
Warning
|
The default value of the searchLocations is identical to a
local Spring Boot application (so
[classpath:/, classpath:/config, file:./, file:./config] ) which will
expose the application.properties from the server to all clients.
|
Tip
|
A filesystem backend is great for getting started quickly and for testing. To use it in production you need to be sure that the file system is reliable, and shared across all instances of the Config Server. |
This repository implementation maps the {label}
parameter of the
HTTP resource to a suffix on the search path, so properties files are
loaded from each search location and a subdirectory with the same
name as the label (the labelled properties take precedence in the
Spring Environment).
Health Indicator
Config Server comes with a Health Indicator that checks if the configured
EnvironmentRepository
is working. By default it asks the EnvironmentRepository
for an application named app
, the default
profile and the default
label provided by the EnvironmentRepository
implementation.
You can configure the Health Indicator to check more applications along with custom profiles and custom labels, e.g.
spring: cloud: config: server: health: repositories: myservice: label: mylabel myservice-dev: name: myservice profiles: development
You can disable the Health Indicator by setting spring.cloud.config.server.health.enabled=false
.
Security
You are free to secure your Config Server in any way that makes sense to you (from physical network security to OAuth2 bearer tokens), and Spring Security and Spring Boot make it easy to do pretty much anything.
To use the default Spring Boot configured HTTP Basic security, just
include Spring Security on the classpath (e.g. through
spring-boot-starter-security
). The default is a username of "user"
and a randomly generated password, which isn’t going to be very useful
in practice, so we recommend you configure the password (via
security.user.password
) and encrypt it (see below for instructions
on how to do that).
Encryption and Decryption
Important
|
Prerequisites: to use the encryption and decryption features you need the full-strength JCE installed in your JVM (it’s not there by default). You can download the "Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files" from Oracle, and follow instructions for installation (essentially replace the 2 policy files in the JRE lib/security directory with the ones that you downloaded). |
If the remote property sources contain encryted content
(values starting with {cipher}
) they will be decrypted before
sending to clients over HTTP. The main advantage of this set up is
that the property values don’t have to be in plain text when they are
"at rest" (e.g. in a git repository). If a value cannot be decrypted
it is replaced with an empty string, largely to prevent cipher text
being used as a password and accidentally leaking.
If you are setting up a remote config repository for config client
applications it might contain an application.yml
like this, for
instance:
spring: datasource: username: dbuser password: '{cipher}FKSAJDFGYOS8F7GLHAKERGFHLSAJ'
You can safely push this plain text to a shared git repository and the secret password is protected.
The server also exposes /encrypt
and /decrypt
endpoints (on the
assumption that these will be secured and only accessed by authorized
agents). If you are editing a remote config file you can use the Config Server
to encrypt values by POSTing to the /encrypt
endpoint, e.g.
$ curl localhost:8888/encrypt -d mysecret 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda
The inverse operation is also available via /decrypt
(provided the server is
configured with a symmetric key or a full key pair):
$ curl localhost:8888/decrypt -d 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda mysecret
Take the encypted value and add the {cipher}
prefix before you put
it in the YAML or properties file, and before you commit and push it
to a remote, potentially insecure store. The /encypt
and /decrypt
endpoints also both accept paths of the form /*/{name}/{profiles}
which can be used to control cryptography per application (name)
and profile when clients call into the main Environment resource.
Note
|
to control the cryptography in this granular way you must also
provide a @Bean of type TextEncryptorLocator that creates a
different encryptor per name and profiles. The one that is provided
by default does not do this.
|
The spring
command line client (with Spring Cloud CLI extensions
installed) can also be used to encrypt and decrypt, e.g.
$ spring encrypt mysecret --key foo 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda $ spring decrypt --key foo 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda mysecret
To use a key in a file (e.g. an RSA public key for encyption) prepend the key value with "@" and provide the file path, e.g.
$ spring encrypt mysecret --key @${HOME}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub AQAjPgt3eFZQXwt8tsHAVv/QHiY5sI2dRcR+...
The key argument is mandatory (despite having a --
prefix).
Key Management
The Config Server can use a symmetric (shared) key or an asymmetric one (RSA key pair). The asymmetric choice is superior in terms of security, but it is often more convenient to use a symmetric key since it is just a single property value to configure.
To configure a symmetric key you just need to set encrypt.key
to a
secret String (or use an enviroment variable ENCRYPT_KEY
to keep it
out of plain text configuration files).
To configure an asymmetric key you can either set the key as a
PEM-encoded text value (in encrypt.key
), or via a keystore (e.g. as
created by the keytool
utility that comes with the JDK). The
keystore properties are encrypt.keyStore.*
with *
equal to
-
location
(aResource
location), -
password
(to unlock the keystore) and -
alias
(to identify which key in the store is to be used).
The encryption is done with the public key, and a private key is needed for decryption. Thus in principle you can configure only the public key in the server if you only want to do encryption (and are prepared to decrypt the values yourself locally with the private key). In practice you might not want to do that because it spreads the key management process around all the clients, instead of concentrating it in the server. On the other hand it’s a useful option if your config server really is relatively insecure and only a handful of clients need the encrypted properties.
Creating a Key Store for Testing
To create a keystore for testing you can do something like this:
$ keytool -genkeypair -alias mytestkey -keyalg RSA \ -dname "CN=Web Server,OU=Unit,O=Organization,L=City,S=State,C=US" \ -keypass changeme -keystore server.jks -storepass letmein
Put the server.jks
file in the classpath (for instance) and then in
your application.yml
for the Config Server:
encrypt: keyStore: location: classpath:/server.jks password: letmein alias: mytestkey secret: changeme
Using Multiple Keys and Key Rotation
In addition to the {cipher}
prefix in encrypted property values, the
Config Server looks for {name:value}
prefixes (zero or many) before
the start of the (Base64 encoded) cipher text. The keys are passed to
a TextEncryptorLocator
which can do whatever logic it needs to
locate a TextEncryptor
for the cipher. If you have configured a
keystore (encrypt.keystore.location
) the default locator will look
for keys in the store with aliases as supplied by the "key" prefix,
i.e. with a cipher text like this:
foo: bar: `{cipher}{key:testkey}...`
the locator will look for a key named "testkey". A secret can also be
supplied via a {secret:…}
value in the prefix, but if it is not
the default is to use the keystore password (which is what you get
when you build a keytore and don’t specify a secret). If you do
supply a secret it is recommended that you also encrypt the secrets
using a custom SecretLocator
.
Key rotation is hardly ever necessary on cryptographic grounds if the
keys are only being used to encrypt a few bytes of configuration data
(i.e. they are not being used elsewhere), but occasionally you might
need to change the keys if there is a security breach for instance. In
that case all the clients would need to change their source config
files (e.g. in git) and use a new {key:…}
prefix in all the
ciphers, checking beforehand of course that the key alias is available
in the Config Server keystore.
Tip
|
the {name:value} prefixes can also be added to plaintext posted
to the /encrypt endpoint, if you want to let the Config Server
handle all encryption as well as decryption.
|
Embedding the Config Server
The Config Server runs best as a standalone application, but if you
need to you can embed it in another application. Just use the
@EnableConfigServer
annotation and (optionally) set
spring.cloud.config.server.prefix
to a path prefix, e.g. "/config",
to serve the resources under a prefix. The prefix should start but not
end with a "/". It is applied to the @RequestMappings
in the Config
Server (i.e. underneath the Spring Boot prefixes server.servletPath
and server.contextPath
). Another optional property that can be
useful in this case is spring.cloud.config.server.bootstrap
which is
a flag to indicate that the server should configure itself from its
own remote repository. The flag is off by default because it can delay
startup, but when embedded in another application it makes sense to
initialize the same way as any other application.
Spring Cloud Config Client
A Spring Boot application can take immediate advantage of the Spring
Config Server (or other external property sources provided by the
application developer), and it will also pick up some additional
useful features related to Environment
change events.
Config First Bootstrap
This is the default behaviour for any application which has the Spring
Cloud Config Client on the classpath. When a config client starts up
it binds to the Config Server (via the bootstrap configuration
property spring.cloud.config.uri
) and initializes Spring
Environment
with remote property sources.
The net result of this is that all client apps that want to consume
the Config Server need a bootstrap.yml
(or an environment variable)
with the server address in spring.cloud.config.uri
(defaults to
"http://localhost:8888").
Eureka First Bootstrap
If you are using Spring Cloud Netflix and Eureka Service Discovery, then you can have the Config Server register with Eureka if you want to, but in the default "Config First" mode, clients won’t be able to take advantage of the registration.
If you prefer to use Eureka to locate the Config Server, you can do
that by setting spring.cloud.config.discovery.enabled=true
(default
"false"). The net result of that is that client apps all need a
bootstrap.yml
(or an environment variable) with the Eureka server
address, e.g. in eureka.client.serviceUrl.defaultZone
. The price
for using this option is an extra network round trip on start up to
locate the service registration. The benefit is that the Config Server
can change its co-ordinates, as long as Eureka is a fixed point. The
default service id is "CONFIGSERVER" but you can change that on the
client with spring.cloud.config.discovery.serviceId
(and on the server
in the usual way for a service, e.g. by setting spring.application.name
).
Config Client Fail Fast
In some cases, it may be desirable to fail startup of a service if
it cannot connect to the Config Server. If this is the desired
behavior, set the bootstrap configuration property
spring.cloud.config.failFast=true
and the client will halt with
an Exception.
Locating Remote Configuration Resources
The Config Service serves property sources from /{name}/{env}/{label}
, where the default bindings in the client app are
-
"name" =
${spring.application.name}
-
"env" =
${spring.profiles.active}
(actuallyEnvironment.getActiveProfiles()
) -
"label" = "master"
All of them can be overridden by setting spring.cloud.config.*
(where *
is "name", "env" or "label"). The "label" is useful for
rolling back to previous versions of configuration; with the default
Config Server implementation it can be a git label, branch name or
commit id. Label can also be provided as a comma-separated list, in
which case the items in the list are tried on-by-one until one succeeds.
This can be useful when working on a feature branch, for instance,
when you might want to align the config label with your branch, but
make it optional (e.g. spring.cloud.config.label=myfeature,develop
).
Security
If you use HTTP Basic security on the server then clients just need to know the password (and username if it isn’t the default). You can do that via the config server URI, or via separate username and password properties, e.g.
spring: cloud: config: uri: https://user:[email protected]
or
spring: cloud: config: uri: https://myconfig.mycompany.com username: user password: secret
The spring.cloud.config.password
and spring.cloud.config.username
values override anything that is provided in the URI.
If you deploy your apps on Cloud Foundry then the best way to provide the password is through service credentials, e.g. in the URI, since then it doesn’t even need to be in a config file. An example which works locally and for a user-provided service on Cloud Foundry named "configserver":
spring: cloud: config: uri: ${vcap.services.configserver.credentials.uri:http://user:[email protected]:8888}
If you use another form of security you might need to provide a
RestTemplate
to the ConfigServicePropertySourceLocator
(e.g. by
grabbing it in the bootstrap context and injecting one).
Spring Cloud Netflix
Service Discovery: Eureka Clients
Service Discovery is one of the key tenets of a microservice based architecture. Trying to hand configure each client or some form of convention can be very difficult to do and can be very brittle. Eureka is the Netflix Service Discovery Server and Client. The server can be configured and deployed to be highly available, with each server replicating state about the registered services to the others.
Registering with Eureka
When a client registers with Eureka, it provides meta-data about itself such as host and port, health indicator URL, home page etc. Eureka receives heartbeat messages from each instance belonging to a service. If the heartbeat fails over a configurable timetable, the instance is normally removed from the registry.
Example eureka client:
@Configuration
@ComponentScan
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@EnableEurekaClient
@RestController
public class Application {
@RequestMapping("/")
public String home() {
return "Hello world";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new SpringApplicationBuilder(Application.class).web(true).run(args);
}
}
(i.e. utterly normal Spring Boot app). In this example we use
@EnableEurekaClient
explicitly, but with only Eureka available you
could also use @EnableDiscoveryClient
. Configuration is required to
locate the Eureka server. Example:
eureka: client: serviceUrl: defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
where "defaultZone" is a magic string fallback value that provides the service URL for any client that doesn’t express a preference (i.e. it’s a useful default).
The default application name (service ID), virtual host and non-secure
port, taken from the Environment
, are ${spring.application.name}
,
${spring.application.name}
and ${server.port}
respectively.
@EnableEurekaClient
makes the app into both a Eureka "instance"
(i.e. it registers itself) and a "client" (i.e. it can query the
registry to locate other services). The instance behaviour is driven
by eureka.instance.*
configuration keys, but the defaults will be
fine if you ensure that your application has a
spring.application.name
(this is the default for the Eureka service
ID, or VIP).
See EurekaInstanceConfigBean and EurekaClientConfigBean for more details of the configurable options.
Status Page and Health Indicator
The status page and health indicators for a Eureka instance default to
"/info" and "/health" respectively, which are the default locations of
useful endpoints in a Spring Boot Actuator application. You need to
change these, even for an Actuator application if you use a
non-default context path or servlet path
(e.g. server.servletPath=/foo
) or management endpoint path
(e.g. management.contextPath=/admin
). Example:
eureka: instance: statusPageUrlPath: ${management.contextPath}/info healthCheckUrlPath: ${management.contextPath}/health
These links show up in the metadata that is consumers by clients, and used in some scenarios to decide whether to send requests to your application, so it’s helpful if they are accurate.
Eureka Metadata for Instances and Clients
It’s worth spending a bit of time understanding how the Eureka metadata works, so you can use it in a way that makes sense in your platform. There is standard metadata for things like hostname, IP address, port numbers, status page and health check. These are published in the service registry and used by clients to contact the services in a straightforward way. Additional metadata can be added to the instance registration in the eureka.instance.metadataMap
, and this will be accessible in the remote clients, but in general will not change the behaviour of the client, unless it is made aware of the meaning of the metadata. There are a couple of special cases described below where Spring Cloud already assigns meaning to the metadata map.
Using Eureka on Cloudfoundry
Cloudfoundry has a global router so that all instances of the same app have the same hostname (it’s the same in other PaaS solutions with a similar architecture). This isn’t necessarily a barrier to using Eureka, but if you use the router (recommended, or even mandatory depending on the way your platform was set up), you need to explicitly set the hostname and port numbers (secure or non-secure) so that they use the router. You might also want to use instance metadata so you can distinguish between the instances on the client (e.g. in a custom load balancer). For example:
eureka: instance: hostname: ${vcap.application.uris[0]} nonSecurePort: 80 metadataMap: instanceId: ${vcap.application.instance_id:${spring.application.name}:${spring.application.instance_id:${server.port}}}
Depending on the way the security rules are set up in your Cloudfoundry instance, you might be able to register and use the IP address of the host VM for direct service-to-service calls. This feature is not (yet) available on Pivotal Web Services (PWS).
Making the Eureka Instance ID Unique
By default a eureka instance is registered with an ID that is equal to its host name (i.e. only one service per host). Using Spring Cloud you can override this by providing a unique identifier in eureka.instance.metadataMap.instanceId
. For example:
eureka: instance: metadataMap: instanceId: ${spring.application.name}:${spring.application.instance_id:${random.value}}
With this metadata, and multiple service instances deployed on
localhost, the random value will kick in there to make the instance
unique. In Cloudfoundry the spring.application.instance_id
will be
populated automatically in a Spring Boot Actuator application, so the
random value will not be needed.
Using the DiscoveryClient
Once you have an app that is @EnableEurekaClient
you can use it to
discover service instances from the Eureka Server. One way to do that is to use the native
com.netflix.discovery.DiscoveryClient
(as opposed to the Spring
Cloud DiscoveryClient
), e.g.
@Autowired private DiscoveryClient discoveryClient; public String serviceUrl() { InstanceInfo instance = discoveryClient.getNextServerFromEureka("STORES", false); return instance.getHomePageUrl(); }
Tip
|
Don’t use the |
Alternatives to the native Netflix DiscoveryClient
You don’t have to use the raw Netflix DiscoveryClient
and usually it
is more convenient to use it behind a wrapper of some sort. Spring
Cloud has support for Feign (a REST client
builder) and also Spring RestTemplate
using
the logical Eureka service identifiers (VIPs) instead of physical
URLs. To configure Ribbon with a fixed list of physical servers you
can simply set <client>.ribbon.listOfServers
to a comma-separated
list of physical addresses (or hostnames), where <client>
is the ID
of the client.
You can also use the org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.DiscoveryClient
which provides a simple API for discovery clients that is not specific
to Netflix, e.g.
@Autowired private DiscoveryClient discoveryClient; public String serviceUrl() { List<ServiceInstance> list = client.getInstances("STORES"); if (list != null && list.size() > 0 ) { return list.get(0).getUri(); } return null; }
Why is it so Slow to Register a Service?
Being an instance also involves a periodic heartbeat to the registry
(via the client’s serviceUrl
) with default duration 30 seconds. A
service is not available for discovery by clients until the instance,
the server and the client all have the same metadata in their local
cache (so it could take 3 hearbeats). You can change the period using
eureka.instance.leaseRenewalIntervalInSeconds
and this will speed up
the process of getting clients connected to other services. In
production it’s probably better to stick with the default because
there are some computations internally in the server that make
assumptions about the lease renewal period.
Service Discovery: Eureka Server
Example eureka server (e.g. using spring-cloud-starter-eureka-server to set up the classpath):
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new SpringApplicationBuilder(Application.class).web(true).run(args);
}
}
The server has a home page with a UI, and HTTP API endpoints per the
normal Eureka functionality under /eureka/*
.
Eureka background reading: see flux capacitor and google group discussion.
Tip
|
Due to Gradle’s dependency resolution rules and the lack of a parent bom feature, simply depending on spring-cloud-starter-eureka-server can cause failures on application startup. To remedy this the Spring dependency management plugin must be added and the Spring cloud starter parent bom must be imported like so: build.gradle
|
High Availability, Zones and Regions
The Eureka server does not have a backend store, but the service instances in the registry all have to send heartbeats to keep their registrations up to date (so this can be done in memory). Clients also have an in-memory cache of eureka registrations (so they don’t have to go to the registry for every single request to a service).
By default every Eureka server is also a Eureka client and requires (at least one) service URL to locate a peer. If you don’t provide it the service will run and work, but it will shower your logs with a lot of noise about not being able to register with the peer.
See also below for details of Ribbon support on the client side for Zones and Regions.
Standalone Mode
The combination of the two caches (client and server) and the heartbeats make a standalone Eureka server fairly resilient to failure, as long as there is some sort of monitor or elastic runtime keeping it alive (e.g. Cloud Foundry). In standalone mode, you might prefer to switch off the client side behaviour, so it doesn’t keep trying and failing to reach its peers. Example:
server: port: 8761 eureka: instance: hostname: localhost client: registerWithEureka: false fetchRegistry: false serviceUrl: defaultZone: http://${eureka.instance.hostname}:${server.port}/eureka/
Notice that the serviceUrl
is pointing to the same host as the local
instance.
Peer Awareness
Eureka can be made even more resilient and available by running
multiple instances and asking them to register with each other. In
fact, this is the default behaviour, so all you need to do to make it
work is add a valid serviceUrl
to a peer, e.g.
--- spring: profiles: peer1 eureka: instance: hostname: peer1 client: serviceUrl: defaultZone: http://peer2/eureka/ --- spring: profiles: peer2 eureka: instance: hostname: peer2 client: serviceUrl: defaultZone: http://peer1/eureka/
In this example we have a YAML file that can be used to run the same
server on 2 hosts (peer1 and peer2), by running it in different
Spring profiles. You could use this configuration to test the peer
awareness on a single host (there’s not much value in doing that in
production) by manipulating /etc/hosts
to resolve the host names. In
fact, the eureka.instance.hostname
is not needed if you are running
on a machine that knows its own hostname (it is looked up using
java.net.InetAddress
by default).
You can add multiple peers to a system, and as long as they are all connected to each other by at least one edge, they will synchronize the registrations amongst themselves. If the peers are physically separated (inside a data centre or between multiple data centres) then the system can in principle survive split-brain type failures.
Prefer IP Address
In some cases, it is preferable for Eureka to advertise the IP Adresses
of services rather than the hostname. Set eureka.instance.preferIpAddress
to true
and when the application registers with eureka, it will use its
IP Address rather than its hostname.
Circuit Breaker: Hystrix Clients
Netflix has created a library called Hystrix that implements the circuit breaker pattern. In a microservice architecture it is common to have multiple layers of service calls.

A service failure in the lower level of services can cause cascading failure all the way up to the user. When calls to a particular service reach a certain threshold (20 failures in 5 seconds is the default in Hystrix), the circuit opens and the call is not made. In cases of error and an open circuit a fallback can be provided by the developer.

Having an open circuit stops cascading failures and allows overwhelmed or failing services time to heal. The fallback can be another Hystrix protected call, static data or a sane empty value. Fallbacks may be chained so the first fallback makes some other business call which in turn falls back to static data.
Example boot app:
@SpringBootApplication @EnableCircuitBreaker public class Application { public static void main(String[] args) { new SpringApplicationBuilder(Application.class).web(true).run(args); } } @Component public class StoreIntegration { @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "defaultStores") public Object getStores(Map<String, Object> parameters) { //do stuff that might fail } public Object defaultStores(Map<String, Object> parameters) { return /* something useful */; } }
The @HystrixCommand
is provided by a Netflix contrib library called
"javanica".
Spring Cloud automatically wraps Spring beans with that
annotation in a proxy that is connected to the Hystrix circuit
breaker. The circuit breaker calculates when to open and close the
circuit, and what to do in case of a failure.
To configure the @HystrixCommand
you can use the commandProperties
attribute with a list of @HystrixProperty
annotations. See
here
for more details. See the Hystrix wiki
for details on the properties available.
Propagating the Security Context or using Spring Scopes
If you want some thread local context to propagate into a @HystrixCommand
the default declaration will not work because it executes the command in a thread pool (in case of timeouts). You can switch Hystrix to use the same thread as the caller using some configuration, or directly in the annotation, by asking it to use a different "Isolation Strategy". For example:
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "stubMyService",
commandProperties = {
@HystrixProperty(name="execution.isolation.strategy", value="SEMAPHORE")
}
)
...
The same thing applies if you are using @SessionScope
or @RequestScope
. You will know when you need to do this because of a runtime exception that says it can’t find the scoped context.
In particular you might be interested
Health Indicator
The state of the connected circuit breakers are also exposed in the
/health
endpoint of the calling application.
{
"hystrix": {
"openCircuitBreakers": [
"StoreIntegration::getStoresByLocationLink"
],
"status": "CIRCUIT_OPEN"
},
"status": "UP"
}
Hystrix Metrics Stream
To enable the Hystrix metrics stream include a dependency on spring-boot-starter-actuator
. This will expose the /hystrix.stream
as a management endpoint.
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
Circuit Breaker: Hystrix Dashboard
One of the main benefits of Hystrix is the set of metrics it gathers about each HystrixCommand. The Hystrix Dashboard displays the health of each circuit breaker in an efficient manner.

To run the Hystrix Dashboard annotate your Spring Boot main class with @EnableHystrixDashboard
. You then visit /hystrix
and point the dashboard to an individual instances /hystrix.stream
endpoint in a Hystrix client application.
Turbine
Looking at an individual instances Hystrix data is not very useful in terms of the overall health of the system. Turbine is an application that aggregates all of the relevant /hystrix.stream
endpoints into a combined /turbine.stream
for use in the Hystrix Dashboard. Individual instances are located via Eureka. Running Turbine is as simple as annotating your main class with the @EnableTurbine
annotation (e.g. using spring-cloud-starter-turbine to set up the classpath). All of the documented configuration properties from the Turbine 1 wiki apply. The only difference is that the turbine.instanceUrlSuffix
does not need the port prepended as this is handled automatically unless turbine.instanceInsertPort=false
.
The configuration key turbine.appConfig
is a list of eureka serviceIds that turbine will use to lookup instances. The turbine stream is then used in the Hystrix dashboard using a url that looks like: https://my.turbine.sever:8080/turbine.stream?cluster=<CLUSTERNAME>
(the cluster parameter can be omitted if the name is "default"). The cluster
parameter must match an entry in turbine.aggregator.clusterConfig
. Values returned from eureka are uppercase, thus we expect this example to work if there is an app registered with Eureka called "customers":
turbine: aggregator: clusterConfig: CUSTOMERS appConfig: customers
The clusterName
can be customized by a SPEL expression in turbine.clusterNameExpression
with root an instance of InstanceInfo
. The default value is appName
, which means that the Eureka serviceId ends up as the cluster key (i.e. the InstanceInfo
for customers has an appName
of "CUSTOMERS"). A different example would be turbine.clusterNameExpression=aSGName
, which would get the cluster name from the AWS ASG name. Another example:
turbine: aggregator: clusterConfig: SYSTEM,USER appConfig: customers,stores,ui,admin clusterNameExpression: metadata['cluster']
In this case, the cluster name from 4 services is pulled from their metadata map, and is expected to have values that include "SYSTEM" and "USER".
To use the "default" cluster for all apps you need a string literal expression (with single quotes):
turbine: appConfig: customers,stores clusterNameExpression: 'default'
Spring Cloud provides a spring-cloud-starter-turbine
that has all the dependencies you need to get a Turbine server running. Just create a Spring Boot application and annotate it with @EnableTurbine
.
Turbine AMQP
In some environments (e.g. in a PaaS setting), the classic Turbine model of pulling metrics from all the distributed Hystrix commands doesn’t work. In that case you might want to have your Hystrix commands push metrics to Turbine, and Spring Cloud enables that with AMQP messaging. All you need to do on the client is add a dependency to spring-cloud-netflix-hystrix-amqp
and make sure there is a Rabbit broker available (see Spring Boot documentation for details on how to configure the client credentials, but it should work out of the box for a local broker or in Cloud Foundry).
On the server side Just create a Spring Boot application and annotate it with @EnableTurbineAmqp
and by default it will come up on port 8989 (point your Hystrix dashboard to that port, any path). You can customize the port using either server.port
or turbine.amqp.port
. If you have spring-boot-starter-web
and spring-boot-starter-actuator
on the classpath as well, then you can open up the Actuator endpoints on a separate port (with Tomcat by default) by providing a management.port
which is different.
You can then point the Hystrix Dashboard to the Turbine AMQP Server instead of individual Hystrix streams. If Turbine AMQP is running on port 8989 on myhost, then put http://myhost:8989
in the stream input field in the Hystrix Dashboard. Circuits will be prefixed by their respective serviceId, followed by a dot, then the circuit name.
Spring Cloud provides a spring-cloud-starter-turbine-amqp
that has all the dependencies you need to get a Turbine AMQP server running. You need Java 8 to run the app because it is Netty-based.
Customizing the AMQP ConnectionFactory
If you are using AMQP there needs to be a ConnectionFactory
(from
Spring Rabbit) in the application context. If there is a single
ConnectionFactory
it will be used, or if there is a one qualified as
@HystrixConnectionFactory
(on the client) and
@TurbineConnectionFactory
(on the server) it will be preferred over
others, otherwise the @Primary
one will be used. If there are
multiple unqualified connection factories there will be an error.
Note that Spring Boot (as of 1.2.2) creates a ConnectionFactory
that
is not @Primary
, so if you want to use one connection factory for
the bus and another for business messages, you need to create both,
and annotate them @*ConnectionFactory
and @Primary
respectively.
Client Side Load Balancer: Ribbon
Ribbon is a client side load balancer which gives you a lot of control
over the behaviour of HTTP and TCP clients. Feign already uses Ribbon,
so if you are using @FeignClient
then this section also applies.
A central concept in Ribbon is that of the named client. Each load
balancer is part of an ensemble of components that work together to
contact a remote server on demand, and the ensemble has a name that
you give it as an application developer (e.g. using the @FeignClient
annotation). Spring Cloud creates a new ensemble as an
ApplicationContext
on demand for each named client using
RibbonClientConfiguration
. This contains (amongst other things) an
ILoadBalancer
, a RestClient
, and a ServerListFilter
.
Customizing the Ribbon Client
You can configure some bits of a Ribbon client using external
properties in <client>.ribbon.*
, which is no different than using
the Netflix APIs natively, except that you can use Spring Boot
configuration files. The native options can
be inspected as static fields in CommonClientConfigKey
(part of
ribbon-core).
Spring Cloud also lets you take full control of the client by
declaring additional configuration (on top of the
RibbonClientConfiguration
) using @RibbonClient
. Example:
@Configuration
@RibbonClient(name = "foo", configuration = FooConfiguration.class)
public class TestConfiguration {
}
In this case the client is composed from the components already in
RibbonClientConfiguration
together with any in FooConfiguration
(where the latter generally will override the former).
Warning
|
The FooConfiguration has to be @Configuration but take
care that it is not in a @ComponentScan for the main application
context, otherwise it will be shared by all the @RibbonClients . If
you use @ComponentScan (or @SpringBootApplication ) you need to
take steps to avoid it being included (for instance put it in a
separate, non-overlapping package, or specify the packages to scan
explicitly in the @ComponentScan ).
|
Spring Cloud Netflix provides the following beans by default for ribbon
(BeanType
beanName: ClassName
):
-
IClientConfig
ribbonClientConfig:DefaultClientConfigImpl
-
IRule
ribbonRule:ZoneAvoidanceRule
-
IPing
ribbonPing:NoOpPing
-
ServerList<Server> ribbonServerList: `ConfigurationBasedServerList
-
ServerListFilter<Server>
ribbonServerListFilter:ZonePreferenceServerListFilter
-
ILoadBalancer
ribbonLoadBalancer:ZoneAwareLoadBalancer
Creating a bean of one of those type and placing it in a @RibbonClient
configuration (such as FooConfiguration
above) allows you to override each
one of the beans described. Example:
@Configuration
public class FooConfiguration {
@Bean
public IPing ribbonPing(IClientConfig config) {
return new PingUrl();
}
}
This replaces the NoOpPing
with PingUrl
.
Using Ribbon with Eureka
When Eureka is used in conjunction with Ribbon the ribbonServerList
is overridden with an extension of DiscoveryEnabledNIWSServerList
which populates the list of servers from Eureka. It also replaces the
IPing
interface with NIWSDiscoveryPing
which delegates to Eureka
to determine if a server is up. The ServerList
that is installed by
default is a DomainExtractingServerList
and the purpose of this is
to make physical metadata available to the load balancer without using
AWS AMI metadata (which is what Netflix relies on). By default the
server list will be constructed with "zone" information as provided in
the instance metadata (so on the client set
eureka.instance.metadataMap.zone
), and if that is missing it can use
the domain name from the server hostname as a proxy for zone (if the
flag approximateZoneFromDomain
is set). Once the zone information is
available it can be used in a ServerListFilter
(by default it will
be used to locate a server in the same zone as the client because the
default is a ZonePreferenceServerListFilter
).
Example: How to Use Ribbon Without Eureka
Eureka is a convenient way to abstract the discovery of remote servers
so you don’t have to hard code their URLs in clients, but if you
prefer not to use it, Ribbon and Feign are still quite
amenable. Suppose you have declared a @RibbonClient
for "stores",
and Eureka is not in use (and not even on the classpath). The Ribbon
client defaults to a configured server list, and you can supply the
configuration like this
stores: ribbon: listOfServers: example.com,google.com
Example: Disable Eureka use in Ribbon
Setting the property ribbon.eureka.enabled = false
will explicitly
disable the use of Eureka in Ribbon.
ribbon: eureka: enabled: false
Using the Ribbon API Directly
You can also use the LoadBalancerClient
directly. Example:
public class MyClass {
@Autowired
private LoadBalancerClient loadBalancer;
public void doStuff() {
ServiceInstance instance = loadBalancer.choose("stores");
URI storesUri = URI.create(String.format("http://%s:%s", instance.getHost(), instance.getPort()));
// ... do something with the URI
}
}
Declarative REST Client: Feign
Feign is a declarative web service client. It makes writing web service clients easier. To use Feign create an interface and annotate it. It has pluggable annotation support including Feign annotations and JAX-RS annotations. Feign also supports pluggable encoders and decoders. Spring Cloud adds support for Spring MVC annotations and for using the same HttpMessageConverters
used by default in Spring Web. Spring Cloud integrates Ribbon and Eureka to provide a load balanced http client when using Feign.
Example spring boot app
@Configuration
@ComponentScan
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
@FeignClient("stores")
public interface StoreClient {
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/stores")
List<Store> getStores();
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST, value = "/stores/{storeId}", consumes = "application/json")
Store update(@PathParameter("storeId") Long storeId, Store store);
}
In the @FeignClient
annotation the String value ("stores" above) is
an arbitrary client name, which is used to create a Ribbon load
balancer (see below for details of Ribbon
support). You can also specify a URL using the url
attribute
(absolute value or just a hostname).
The Ribbon client above will want to discover the physical addresses for the "stores" service. If your application is a Eureka client then it will resolve the service in the Eureka service registry. If you don’t want to use Eureka, you can simply configure a list of servers in your external configuration (see above for example).
External Configuration: Archaius
Archaius is the Netflix client side configuration library. It is the library used by all of the Netflix OSS components for configuration. Archaius is an extension of the Apache Commons Configuration project. It allows updates to configuration by either polling a source for changes or for a source to push changes to the client. Archaius uses Dynamic<Type>Property classes as handles to properties.
class ArchaiusTest {
DynamicStringProperty myprop = DynamicPropertyFactory
.getInstance()
.getStringProperty("my.prop");
void doSomething() {
OtherClass.someMethod(myprop.get());
}
}
Archaius has its own set of configuration files and loading priorities. Spring applications should generally not use Archaius directly., but the need to configure the Netflix tools natively remains. Spring Cloud has a Spring Environment Bridge so Archaius can read properties from the Spring Environment. This allows Spring Boot projects to use the normal configuration toolchain, while allowing them to configure the Netflix tools, for the most part, as documented.
Router and Filter: Zuul
Routing in an integral part of a microservice architecture. For example, /
may be mapped to your web application, /api/users
is mapped to the user service and /api/shop
is mapped to the shop service. Zuul is a JVM based router and server side load balancer by Netflix.
Netflix uses Zuul for the following:
-
Authentication
-
Insights
-
Stress Testing
-
Canary Testing
-
Dynamic Routing
-
Service Migration
-
Load Shedding
-
Security
-
Static Response handling
-
Active/Active traffic management
Zuul’s rule engine allows rules and filters to be written in essentially any JVM language, with built in support for Java and Groovy.
Embedded Zuul Reverse Proxy
Spring Cloud has created an embedded Zuul proxy to ease the development of a very common use case where a UI application wants to proxy calls to one or more back end services. This feature is useful for a user interface to proxy to the backend services it requires, avoiding the need to manage CORS and authentication concerns independently for all the backends.
To enable it, annotate a Spring Boot main class with
@EnableZuulProxy
, and this forwards local calls to the appropriate
service. By convention, a service with the Eureka ID "users", will
receive requests from the proxy located at /users
(with the prefix
stripped). The proxy uses Ribbon to locate an instance to forward to
via Eureka, and all requests are executed in a hystrix command, so
failures will show up in Hystrix metrics, and once the circuit is open
the proxy will not try to contact the service.
To skip having a service automatically added, set
zuul.ignored-services
to a list of service id patterns. If a service
matches a pattern that is ignored, but also included in the explicitly
configured routes map, then it will be unignored. Example:
zuul:
ignoredServices: *
routes:
users: /myusers/**
In this example, all services are ignored except "users".
To augment or change the proxy routes, you can add external configuration like the following:
zuul:
routes:
users: /myusers/**
This means that http calls to "/myusers" get forwarded to the "users" service (for example "/myusers/101" is forwarded to "/101").
To get more fine-grained control over a route you can specify the path and the serviceId independently:
zuul:
routes:
users:
path: /myusers/**
serviceId: users_service
This means that http calls to "/myusers" get forwarded to the "users_service" service. The route has to have a "path" which can be specified as an ant-style pattern, so "/myusers/*" only matches one level, but "/myusers/**" matches hierarchically.
The location of the backend can be specified as either a "serviceId" (for a Eureka service) or a "url" (for a physical location), e.g.
zuul:
routes:
users:
path: /myusers/**
url: https://example.com/users_service
These simple url-routes doesn’t get executed as HystrixCommand nor can you loadbalance multiple url with Ribbon. To achieve this specify a service-route and configure a Ribbon client for the serviceId (this currently requires disabling Eureka support in Ribbon: see above for more information), e.g.
zuul:
routes:
users:
path: /myusers/**
serviceId: users
ribbon:
eureka:
enabled: false
users:
ribbon:
listOfServers: example.com,google.com
To add a prefix to all mappings, set zuul.prefix
to a value, such as
/api
. The proxy prefix is stripped from the request before the
request is forwarded by default (switch this behaviour off with
zuul.stripPrefix=false
). You can also switch off the stripping of
the service-specific prefix from individual routes, e.g.
zuul:
routes:
users:
path: /myusers/**
stripPrefix: false
In this example requests to "/myusers/101" will be forwarded to "/myusers/101" on the "users" service.
The zuul.routes
entries actually bind to an object of type ProxyRouteLocator
. If you
look at the properties of that object you will see that it also has a "retryable" flag.
Set that flag to "true" to have the Ribbon client automatically retry failed requests
(and if you need to you can modify the parameters of the retry operations using
the Ribbon client configuration).
The X-Forwarded-Host
header added to the forwarded requests by
default. To turn it off set zuul.addProxyHeaders = false
. The
prefix path is stripped by default, and the request to the backend
picks up a header "X-Forwarded-Prefix" ("/myusers" in the examples
above).
An application with the @EnableZuulProxy
could act as a standalone
server if you set a default route ("/"), for example zuul.route.home:
/
would route all traffic (i.e. "/**") to the "home" service.
Uploading Files through Zuul
If you @EnableZuulProxy
you can use the proxy paths to
upload files and it should just work as long as the files
are small. For large files there is an alternative path
which bypasses the Spring DispatcherServlet
(to
avoid multipart processing) in "/zuul/". I.e. if
zuul.routes.customers=/customers/
* then you can
POST large files to "/zuul/customers/*". The servlet
path is externalized via zuul.servletPath
. Extremely
large files will also require elevated timeout settings
if the proxy route takes you through a Ribbon load
balancer, e.g.
hystrix.command.default.execution.isolation.thread.timeoutInMilliseconds: 60000
ribbon:
ConnectTimeout: 3000
ReadTimeout: 60000
Note that for streaming to work with large files, you need to use chunked encoding in the request (which some browsers do not do by default). E.g. on the command line:
$ curl -v -H "Transfer-Encoding: chunked" \ -F "[email protected]" localhost:9999/zuul/simple/file
Plain Embedded Zuul
You can also run a Zuul server without the proxying, or switch on parts of the proxying platform selectively, if you
use @EnableZuulServer
(instead of @EnableZuulProxy
). Any beans that you add to the application of type ZuulFilter
will be installed automatically, as they are with @EnableZuulProxy
, but without any of the proxy filters being added
automatically.
In this case the routes into the Zuul server are still specified by configuring "zuul.routes.*", but there is no service discovery and no proxying, so the "serviceId" and "url" settings are ignored. For example:
zuul:
routes:
api: /api/**
maps all paths in "/api/**" to the Zuul filter chain.
Disable Zuul Filters
Zuul for Spring Cloud comes with a number of ZuulFilter
beans enabled by default
in both proxy and server mode. See the zuul filters package for the
possible filters that are enabled. If you want to disable one, simply set
zuul.<SimpleClassName>.<filterType>.disable=true
. By convention, the package after
filters
is the Zuul filter type. For example to disable
org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.post.SendResponseFilter
set
zuul.SendResponseFilter.post.disable=true
.
Polyglot support with Sidecar
Do you have non-jvm languages you want to take advantage of Eureka, Ribbon and Config Server? The Spring Cloud Netflix Sidecar was inspired by Netflix Prana. It includes a simple http api to get all of the instances (ie host and port) for a given service. You can also proxy service calls through an embedded Zuul proxy which gets its route entries from Eureka. The Spring Cloud Config Server can be accessed directly via host lookup or through the Zuul Proxy. The non-jvm app should implement a health check so the Sidecar can report to eureka if the app is up or down.
To enable the Sidecar, create a Spring Boot application with @EnableSidecar
.
This annotation includes @EnableCircuitBreaker
, @EnableDiscoveryClient
,
and @EnableZuulProxy
. Run the resulting application on the same host as the
non-jvm application.
To configure the side car add sidecar.port
and sidecar.health-uri
to application.yml
.
The sidecar.port
property is the port the non-jvm app is listening on. This
is so the Sidecar can properly register the app with Eureka. The sidecar.health-uri
is a uri accessible on the non-jvm app that mimicks a Spring Boot health
indicator. It should return a json document like the following:
{
"status":"UP"
}
Here is an example application.yml for a Sidecar application:
server:
port: 5678
spring:
application:
name: sidecar
sidecar:
port: 8000
health-uri: http://localhost:8000/health.json
The api for the DiscoveryClient.getInstances()
method is /hosts/{serviceId}
.
Here is an example response for /hosts/customers
that returns two instances on
different hosts. This api is accessible to the non-jvm app (if the sidecar is
on port 5678) at http://localhost:5678/hosts/{serviceId}
.
[
{
"host": "myhost",
"port": 9000,
"uri": "http://myhost:9000",
"serviceId": "CUSTOMERS",
"secure": false
},
{
"host": "myhost2",
"port": 9000,
"uri": "http://myhost2:9000",
"serviceId": "CUSTOMERS",
"secure": false
}
]
The Zuul proxy automatically adds routes for each service known in eureka to
/<serviceId>
, so the customers service is available at /customers
. The
Non-jvm app can access the customer service via http://localhost:5678/customers
(assuming the sidecar is listening on port 5678).
If the Config Server is registered with Eureka, non-jvm application can access
it via the Zuul proxy. If the serviceId of the ConfigServer is configserver
and the Sidecar is on port 5678, then it can be accessed at
http://localhost:5678/configserver
Non-jvm app can take advantage of the Config Server’s ability to return YAML documents. For example, a call to https://sidecar.local.spring.io:5678/configserver/default-master.yml might result in a YAML document like the following
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
password: password
info:
description: Spring Cloud Samples
url: https://github.com/spring-cloud-samples
Spring Cloud Bus
Spring Cloud Bus links nodes of a distributed system with a lightweight message broker. This can then be used to broadcast state changes (e.g. configuration changes) or other management instructions. A key idea is that the Bus is like a distributed Actuator for a Spring Boot application that is scaled out, but it can also be used as a communication channel between apps. The only implementation currently is with an AMQP broker as the transport, but the same basic feature set (and some more depending on the transport) is on the roadmap for other transports.
Quick Start
Spring Cloud Bus works by adding Spring Boot autconfiguration if it detects itself on the classpath. All you need to do to enable the bus is to add spring-cloud-starter-bus-amqp
to your dependency management and Spring Cloud takes care of the rest. Make sure RabbitMQ is available and configured to provide a ConnectionFactory
: running on localhost you shouldn’t have to do anything, but if you are running remotely use Spring Cloud Connectors, or Spring Boot conventions to define the broker credentials, e.g.
spring: rabbitmq: host: mybroker.com port: 5672 username: user password: secret
The bus currently supports sending messages to all nodes listening or all nodes for a particular service (as defined by Eureka). More selector criteria will be added in the future (ie. only service X nodes in data center Y, etc…). The http endpoints are under the /bus/*
actuator namespace. There are currently two implemented. The first, /bus/env
, sends key/values pairs to update each nodes Spring Environment. The second, /bus/refresh
, will reload each application’s configuration, just as if they had all been pinged on their /refresh
endpoint.
Addressing an Instance
The HTTP endpoints accept a "destination" parameter, e.g. "/bus/refresh?destination=customers:9000", where the destination is an ApplicationContext
ID. If the ID is owned by an instance on the Bus then it will process the message and all other instances will ignore it. Spring Boot sets the ID for you in the ContextIdApplicationContextInitializer
to a combination of the spring.application.name
, active profiles and server.port
by default.
Addressing all instances of a service
The "destination" parameter is used in a Spring PathMatcher
(with the path separator as a colon :
) to determine if an instance will process the message. Using the example from above, "/bus/refresh?destination=customers:**" will target all instances of the "customers" service regardless of the profiles and ports set as the ApplicationContext
ID.
Application Context ID must be unique
The bus tries to eliminate processing an event twice, once from the original ApplicationEvent
and once from the queue. To do this, it checks the sending application context id againts the current application context id. If multiple instances of a service have the same application context id, events will not be processed. Running on a local machine, each service will be on a different port and that will be part of the application context id. Cloud Foundry supplies an index to differentiate. To ensure that the application context id is the unique, set spring.application.index
to something unique for each instance of a service. For example, in lattice, set spring.application.index=${INSTANCE_INDEX}
in application.properties (or bootstrap.properties if using configserver).
Customizing the AMQP ConnectionFactory
If you are using AMQP there needs to be a ConnectionFactory
(from
Spring Rabbit) in the application context. If there is a single
ConnectionFactory
it will be used, or if there is a one qualified as
@BusConnectionFactory
it will be preferred over others, otherwise
the @Primary
one will be used. If there are multiple unqualified
connection factories there will be an error.
Note that Spring Boot (as of 1.2.2) creates a ConnectionFactory
that
is not @Primary
, so if you want to use one connection factory for
the bus and another for business messages, you need to create both,
and annotate them @BusConnectionFactory
and @Primary
respectively.
Spring Boot Cloud CLI
Spring Boot CLI provides Spring Boot command line features for
Spring Cloud. You can write Groovy scripts to run Spring Cloud component applications
(e.g. @EnableEurekaServer
). You can also easily do things like encryption and decryption to support Spring Cloud
Config clients with secret configuration values.
Installation
To install, make sure you have Spring Boot CLI (1.2.0 or better):
$ spring version Spring CLI v1.2.3.RELEASE
E.g. for GVM users
$ gvm install springboot 1.2.3.RELEASE
$ gvm use springboot 1.2.3.RELEASE
and install the Spring Cloud plugin:
$ mvn install
$ spring install org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-cli:1.0.2.RELEASE
Important
|
Prerequisites: to use the encryption and decryption features you need the full-strength JCE installed in your JVM (it’s not there by default). You can download the "Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files" from Oracle, and follow instructions for installation (essentially replace the 2 policy files in the JRE lib/security directory with the ones that you downloaded). |
Writing Groovy Scripts and Running Applications
Spring Cloud CLI has support for most of the Spring Cloud declarative
features, such as the @Enable*
class of annotations. For example,
here is a fully functional Eureka server
@EnableEurekaServer
class Eureka {}
which you can run from the command line like this
$ spring run app.groovy
To include additional dependencies, often it suffices just to add the
appropriate feature-enabling annotation, e.g. @EnableConfigServer
,
@EnableOAuth2Sso
or @EnableEurekaClient
. To manually include a
dependency you can use a @Grab
with the special "Spring Boot" short
style artifact co-ordinates, i.e. with just the artifact ID (no need
for group or version information), e.g. to set up a client app to
listen on AMQP for management events from the Spring CLoud Bus:
@Grab('spring-cloud-starter-bus-amqp')
@RestController
class Service {
@RequestMapping('/')
def home() { [message: 'Hello'] }
}
Encryption and Decryption
The Spring Cloud CLI comes with an "encrypt" and a "decrypt" command. Both accept arguments in the same form with a key specified as a mandatory "--key", e.g.
$ spring encrypt mysecret --key foo 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda $ spring decrypt --key foo 682bc583f4641835fa2db009355293665d2647dade3375c0ee201de2a49f7bda mysecret
To use a key in a file (e.g. an RSA public key for encyption) prepend the key value with "@" and provide the file path, e.g.
$ spring encrypt mysecret --key @${HOME}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub AQAjPgt3eFZQXwt8tsHAVv/QHiY5sI2dRcR+...
Unresolved directive in spring-cloud.adoc - include::../../../security/src/main/asciidoc/spring-cloud-security.adoc[]